Hacking DICOM: the hospital standard

5 de April de 2022 Por

Have you ever thought that radiographs were just JPG images? Do you remember hearing the name DICOM? In this article we expect to resolve all your doubts about the protocol for sending medical images and show you its implications for cybersecurity.

Quick introduction to DICOM

Figure 1. DICOM logo

Medical images that are transmitted within hospitals, such as X-rays or ultrasounds, are not in the common image formats, but are in DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) format. However, they can be converted to JPG or PNG.

Although at first glance it looks like a simple image format, DICOM is much more: it is the standard for transmission, storage, retrieval, printing, processing and visualization of medical images and their information. Thanks to the implementation of this standard, technology in the health field was revolutionized, replacing physical radiographs with digital radiographs with all the implied data. Today, DICOM is recognized as the ISO 12052 standard.

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Purple Team: Why all the fuss? (III). Vectr.io

29 de March de 2022 Por

As you can already guess from previous spoilers, in this third part of the series (see part one and part two), after having made clear the role that Threat Intelligence plays in the Purple Team methodology, we will go a bit more into details about the phases of preparation, execution and lessons learned in an exercise.

Disclaimer: As I mentioned in the first episode, I do not intend to set in stone anything in this article, but rather to give my point of view and provide an overview of a subject for which there is not much documentation, and what I found, is scattered in multiple sources.

After having developed an implementation plan based on the mapping of threats on the MITRE ATT&CK MATRIX, it is time to put all the use cases into practice. To do so, we will use Vectr.io, an open source web platform developed by Security Risk Advisors.

This tool is responsible for centralizing all the coordination tasks of the Red and Blue teams. But far from being a tool just for coordinating exercises, it is also prepared to be used as a sort of logbook of all operations executed in various exercises and their outcome over time, so that the evolution of the organization’s security posture can be tracked.

With an abstract description such as the above, it may be difficult to imagine how all of this is accomplished. Therefore, the aim of this post is to opt for a more practical approach.

For the sake of brevity, we will not detail all the functionalities of this tool but will show the possibilities it offers and how these can help us with our goal. It will then be up to you to explore the more advanced functions and evaluate whether they are useful for your particular use case.

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Purple Team: Why all the fuss?(II). Threat Intelligence

9 de March de 2022 Por

After having made a brief introduction and exposition of the Purple Team methodology and listed the phases that constitute it in the first part of this series, in this second part I will go into more detail on how Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) integrates in the whole process of adversarial emulation, and therefore, in the Purple Team exercises or programs.

I feel obligated to repeat that (as stated in the first article) many of the content and methodology shown thereafter comes from Scythe and its Purple Team Exercise Framework and closely linked to the entire MITRE doctrine and tools. My goal with this article is to provide a comprehensive view of the topic along with my experience and opinion on some things.

First: understanding the target organization

Whether you are performing CTI as an outside consultant or as part of the organization, it is important to have as much information about the organization as possible.

To do this, the CTI team must conduct an intensive and extensive information gathering exercise, just as an enemy threat agent would. In addition to this, the information must be enriched with that obtained through interviews and inquires with the organization’s personnel.

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MQTT: risks and threats in healthcare environments

11 de February de 2022 Por

This post has been elaborated together with Alex Alhambra Delgado.

Since 2020, many changes have been made in the way we interact with each other, as well as with computer systems. In the wake of the pandemic, all companies had to upgrade their network infrastructures to provide better performance, speed and availability, given the large amount of work that suddenly had to be done remotely.

In the same way, companies needed a way to monitor all their processes remotely, in order to reduce travel and the potential exposure to viruses. In this situation, all types of industries took advantage of the benefits of the IoT (Internet of Things), which provided a new way to control the processes of a company remotely.

Illustration 1. IoT and IIoT
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“Spam Nation,” a portrait of 2014 cybercrime

8 de February de 2022 Por

For those interested in cybersecurity, journalist Brian Krebs is a more or less standard reference. Krebs, who used to cover cybercrime cases for the Washington Post, left his position in the newsroom and set up his own blog to continue investigating what is behind some of the most notorious cases or the most common crimes.

In his first (and so far only) book, “Spam Nation,” Krebs tells us about the so-called “Pharmaceutical Wars” between the leaders of two criminal “families”, who between 2007 and 2013 competed for the market of spamming and selling counterfeit drugs.

The two spammers, Pavel Vrublevsky and Dimitry Nechvolod, escalated their rivalry by leaking information about each other, bribing authorities, competing on price and, finally, even ordering the assault and physical elimination of their rivals. All in a six-year “war” that ended with the defeat of both.

Krebs, who tells in first person his inquiries about this rivalry, even learned Russian and traveled to the Russian Federation to interview them in person and, along the way, gives us a portrait of how the mafias that use the Internet for their purposes act and organize themselves.

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Purple Team: Why all the fuss? (I)

31 de January de 2022 Por

We often read or hear terms like Red, Blue, Purple, Adversarial Emulation and many others almost interchangeably, which often causes confusion in cybersecurity neophytes.

All these disciplines, often partially overlapping each other in their scope, have their place in an organization’s security plan, but it is important to be clear about their strengths and weaknesses in order to take advantage of the former and minimize the latter.

Throughout this article, or series of articles (let’s see how far down the rabbit hole I go), I will try to do my bit on this topic by ,firstly, introducing the Purple Team methodology and then looking into it with a bit more depth.

It is convenient to clarify that this article does not intend to be a lecture on the subject and only aims to make an exposition as educational as possible.

Some background

As organizations have matured and cybersecurity has become more and more important, different methodologies and approaches have been developed.

Several years ago (and unfortunately also in some organizations today) cybersecurity was reduced to hardening measures, and gradually detection and response technologies began to be appear.

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Is Windows SID registry important?

27 de January de 2022 Por

Within the Windows universe there are countless features and details that, given their magnitude and depth, could in turn make up multiple universes in which to wander, learn and, above all, get lost.

In today’s article we are going to take a break from Windows Security Identifiers, hoping to reveal (or remind) some of the possibilities it offers us. First, a bit of theory.

What is the SID? The SID (Security Identifier), briefly explained, is the equivalent of our National ID Card. That is, Windows generates a unique and unalterable SID for each of its entities. An entity is understood as everything that can be authenticated by the Operating System (users, groups, processes, etc.). Ultimately, thanks to this mechanism, the domain user Paco will forever have his own identifier, as will the group of Domain Administrators.

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So you want to go into cybersecurity…

21 de January de 2022 Por

This post has been prepared with the invaluable (and necessary) help of Maite Moreno (@mmorenog) and the cybersecurity team of S2 Grupo.

One of the good things that Information Security shares with other IT disciplines is the wide variety of training resources available, both free and for tight budgets.

Without a large financial investment, anyone with time and desire (and a minimum knowledge of technical knowledge, for which there is another large number of resources that we will not cover here) can be trained from practically zero to expert levels in practically any area of cybersecurity.

Below are some of the resources available on the Internet for free or for a reduced cost, bearing in mind that:

  • This list is not intended to be exhaustive. Feel free to comment on any content you think is missing and we will add it as soon as we can.
  • Some platforms have a freemium approach, combining free content and functionalities with paid ones.
  • Although the less technical areas of Information Security such as GRC are less (very little) represented in the list, the more generalist training sites include courses on data protection, control frameworks, risk management, etc.
  • Most of the courses are in English, so a minimum level is required to understand instructions and texts. This level is essential nowadays in the field of information technology.
  • Blogs, vblogs and podcasts on Information Security are left out, but there are plenty of extremely useful resources. This includes the thousands of webinars on every conceivable topic.
  • Nor have we included more general platforms such as edX or Coursera, which nonetheless contain many courses from prestigious universities and organizations.
  • Finally, we have not included courses from the device manufacturers, software or cloud providers, which in some cases are free, and which sometimes also provide free versions (with limitations) of their products. AWS, Tenable or Splunk come to mind, but there are many others.
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Omnium against Omnes (II): Towards political realism

20 de January de 2022 Por

In the previous article we commented on the impact of the possibility of anonymity in cyberspace. In this post we are going to investigate this issue and expose the details that explain the existence of anonymity, as well as the consequences in the geopolitical context.

Anonymity

The five factors make it impossible to directly attribute a cyberwarfare action to a nation are the following:

1.  The fact that the virtual environment is made up of information allows all types of users to create and modify artifacts, limited only by permissions. This means that there is no complete translation of the physical element to the virtual one and, therefore, there is no total control over it. Consequently, it is not possible to guarantee the immutability of the elements of the environment, i.e. what actions have been performed or by whom.

2. There is the factual impossibility of assigning a virtual profile of a nation. The problems related to attribution, based on the previous point, make it impossible to relate two campaigns separated in time only on the basis of their tactics, techniques and procedures. Even with an indicator such as the hash, there is no 100% guarantee that it is exactly the same actor, since the code could have been stolen or manipulated beforehand.

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Omnium against omnes (I): Foucault in cyberwarfare

18 de January de 2022 Por

There is no doubt that, in recent years, the number of politically motivated cyberspace operations has been increasing. Under the analysis of the geopolitical context, we can find one of the causes of the rise of this new model of warfare.

Not since World War II has there been a warlike conflict between two First World nations. This shows how the major nations have shifted the clash of interests to less classical methodologies, such as the use of subsidiary wars, commercial warfare and, in recent years, cyberwarfare.

However, it is the use of cyberwarfare that makes it possible to interpret the current geopolitical context, since it offers a series of particularities, as a conflict, that allow it to be adapted to contemporary international relations.

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